This leads to the intensification of agriculture and rapid transformation in the cropping patterns. The recommended dose of chemical fertilizer for the new seeds of wheat and rice in terms of NPK in 90-45-45 kg per hectare. In case the farmer does not possess the operational capital, he should have an easy access to credit. Data are col-lected from as many sites as are available and statistically analyzed. 4. HYV can also fetch handsome amounts to the farmers only if a good market for the disposal of the commodity is available within a short distance of the place of production. The first Bt toxin gene was cloned in 1981 (Schnepf and Whiteley, 1981; Jain et al., 2007) and a field trial of transgenic tobacco expressing Bt toxin was performed in 1986. Drying to an uniform moisture content of 14% w.b. These dwarf varieties give much higher yields per unit area. Prohibited Content 3. The chimeric RNAi-ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) construct designed to target ACS homologs effectively repressed ethylene production in tomato fruits and enhanced tomato shelf-life by 45 days. Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. For example, the new seeds are less resistant to droughts and floods and need an efficient management of water, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. A combination of very high transgene expression and improved protein stability resulted in mortality of even Bt-resistant insects (Kota et al., 1999). No species can be eliminated from nature and continuous disturbance of its habitat through agricultural practices increased the emergence and diversity of pests. Introduction of such high-yielding varieties of wheat depends crucially on the availability of fertilisers, adequate water supply, pesticides and insecticides. In other words, in all societies, there are rational, economic farmers and irrational tradition bound farmers. Simply put, crop yield is the The problem may be tackled either by developing the disease resistant seeds or by spraying insecticides and pesticides at the prescribed schedules devised for different crops. The infrastructural facilities like transport network, marketing and storage facilities are also very crucial for the successful cultivation of HYV. To achieve this objective, intergeneric crosses were made using Ammomum subulatum, Alpinia neutans, Hedychium flavascene and Hedychium coronarium as male parents. The high-yielding varieties developed by classical plant breeders have been essential to maintaining adequate food supplies for the ever-expanding world population (Bennetzen, 1996). In the initial years of the Green Revolution (1968-70), in the states of Punjab and Haryana, the crop of wheat was largely damaged in the threshing grounds owing to the untimely rainfalls in the months of April and May. High Yielding Varieties Seeds are undoubtedly land substituting, water economizing, more labour using, and employment generating innovation; nevertheless, they are very delicate and sensitive and therefore require a great deal of care if a successful harvest is to be obtained. These varieties require irrigation after every three weeks during the period of growth and development and after every two weeks at the flowering and primordial stages. The … High yielding isn't any one specific method. Certain weeds have also been reported to produce allelochemicals which suppress root and shoot growth of crop plants. Poor yielding genetics rarely produce high yields. Postharvest losses deteriorate the quality and economic viability of many high-yielding varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). The proper grading and leveling of fields helps in reducing water losses, and economize on labour required for irrigation. Grigg, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. That's a lot of mouths to feed! Similarly, in 1970-72, large uncovered piles of wheat accumulated at the railway stations of Punjab and Haryana were damaged due to the untimely heavy rain falls in the month of May. V.A. This technique in combination with metabolite profiling analysis will be useful for the development and ripening of strawberry fruit (Hoffmann et al., 2006). Any slackness in the work of agricultural machinery may make the agriculture a less profitable pursuit. The cost of these losses amounts to Rs. The reduced levels of CHS mRNA and enzymatic CHS activity and the levels of anthocyanins were downregulated, and precursors of the flavonoids pathway were shunted to the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to large increases in levels of (hydroxy) cinnamoyl glucose esters. At the same time, decreased levels of ethylene in RNAi-ACS fruits lead to altered levels of various ripening-specific transcripts (i.e., upregulation of PA biosynthesis, ascorbic acid metabolism genes, and downregulation of cell wall hydrolyzing enzyme genes). The highest yields are achieved in areas of well-managed irrigation and with adequate amounts of chemical fertilizers. New crop varieties tolerate disease better, are better adapted to local conditions, and generally produce higher yields. Disclaimer 9. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128104392000106, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128115275000022, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128181621000110, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857090393500086, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767041577, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005965002134, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128104392000039, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211317300858, Genetic Improvement of Vegetables Using Transgenic Technology, Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops, Schnepf and Whiteley, 1981; Jain et al., 2007, Whetstone and Hammock, 2007; Van Damme, 2008, Cooper et al., 2004; Nelson et al., 2004; Moose and Mumm, 2008, Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Volume 1, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Gene Silencing in Horticultural Transgenic Crops, Sharda Choudhary, ... Radheshyam Sharma, in, Postharvest losses deteriorate the quality and economic viability of many, Meli et al., 2010; Molesini et al., 2012; Karlova et al., 2013, Limitations of Existing Weed Control Practices Necessitate Development of Alternative Techniques Based on Biological Approaches. Similarly, through the RNAi technique, two ripening-specific ethylene-induced N-glycoprotein modifying enzymes, α-mannosidase (α-Man) and β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-Hex), were targeted and the shelf-life of tomato was enhanced by â2â2.5-fold with firmer fruits. The transgenic approach provides a novel way for rice breeders to use genes other than those from rice and its relatives. Advances in genetics and genomics have fostered a revolution in genome-level understanding of crops (Cooper et al., 2004; Nelson et al., 2004; Moose and Mumm, 2008). D.B. They were also short with a stiff straw, and so, unlike the tall traditional varieties, did not lodge with higher yields. As discussed more thoroughly in Section 7.1, most stability measures relate to either of two contrasting concepts of stability: “static” (Type 1) and “dynamic” (Type 2) (Becker and Léon, 1988; Lin et al. Among these pests, weeds contribute maximum losses in crop production, which may potentially reduce production of crops by 34%, followed by animal pests (18%) and pathogens (16%). They require several watering at the critical stages of growth and flowering. HYV are water thirsty. Transgenic potato expressing the gna gene showed reduced damage to leaves (Bell et al., 2001a). High-yielding varieties are frequently also high-maintenance varieties. Yield and yield consistency: select soybean varieties that are high yielding in public and private variety trials. The challenge of food security still continues and demands the adoption of new approaches to ensure safe and sufficient food for everyone. Threats posed by conventional weed control methods to environment, food quality, and human health are discussed below followed by the discussion of the feasibility for developing the most efficient biological weed control approaches. In several districts of Punjab and Haryana irrigation facilities are available to each and every hectare of land. Adoption of new needs and intensification of agriculture in the subtropical countries like India (characterized with erratic monsoon) are not possible unless adequate irrigation facilities are available. A brief discussion on the inputs and infrastructure requirements for HYV is imperative to ascertain the myth and reality of the success of the Green Revolution in India. This means that when fertilizers are supplied to high yielding varieties their yield increases substantially. These varieties, as stated at the outset, require elaborate arrangements of canal and tube well irrigation. Cultivation of perishable crops like vegetables, fruits and dairy products can also be done efficiently and profitably if elaborate transport, marketing and storage facilities are available. As the human population soars well beyond 7 billion people, so does the demand for food. fruitful - productive or conducive to producing in abundance; "be fruitful and multiply". This competition deprives crop plants of space, nutrients, moisture, light, and other growth requirements. Therefore increase in shelf-life or delay in the ripening process can be achieved by the introduction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase dsRNA in tomatoes, which suppresses the expression of ethylene genes. Weeds annually reduce yield of wheat by 18%â30% in Pakistan (Anonymous, 2012). Relative yield of varieties Trials are conducted using uniform protocols and standard check varieties. To overcome these problems, development of resistant crop varieties through a transgenic approach will contribute to a reduction in pest attack and decrease the use of chemical insecticides (Slater et al., 2003). In the tradition bound Indian society, the efficiency of extension machinery determines largely the efficiency of the producers. Among many useful aids which increase the efficiency of the farmers are seed-cum-fertilizer-drill, well designed plant protection equipment’s, Dunlop-carts, trolley, threshers, sprayers and tractors. The new seeds are very delicate and highly susceptible to pests and disease. Wheat yields in Pakistan increased from 4.55 million tons in 1966 (Anonymous, 1966) to 25.48 million tons in 2014 (Anonymous, 2015). Even in the years of droughts (1987-88 and 1988-89), the farmers could harvest very good crops of paddy with the help of canal and tube well irrigation. Use locally adapted varieties to ensure good crop establishment and high yield with acceptable grain quality for market. They should advance loans to the farmers at a reasonable rate of interest. Together, these hold exciting potential to accelerate plant breeding progress. Read formulas, definitions, laws from Biotechnology for Improved Food Quality here. The greatest achievement in the field of agriculture is the development of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insect-resistant crops using plant transgenic technology. The transgenic âGolden Riceâ is another success of genetic engineering. Therefore, pest management is an important component of crop production since its inception (Oerke, 2006). Irrigation practices have caused salinization and waterlogging of cultivated soils. High yielding cultivars of crops depleted soils of nutrients and precious organic matter. Barley also requires reasonably high levels of management with a good herbicide and fungicide programme to achieve yields. Availability of capital is also a vital constraint in the adoption and successful cultivation of HYV. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Want to thank TFD for its existence? have been expressed in crop plants (Sharma et al., 2004). The actual yield you get depends on the crop’s maximum potential yield, which may in turn be reduced by: Any mismatch in the crop’s climate and soil adaptations compared to the actual climate/soil conditions that it’s grown in. MiR156 targets an important gene in fruit ripening, colorless never ripe (CNR), as reported by Molesini et al. Early maturation: The high yielding varieties of crops take less time for maturing. Sharda Choudhary, ... Radheshyam Sharma, in Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops, 2018. Already, 16 PAU recommended high yield varieties are being sown in Punjab, which includes PAU developed varsities (both long and short duration) like PMH-1, PMH -2, PMH 11, Parkash-1. Apart from efficient transport and infrastructural facilities, modern flour mills and rice husking factories need to be located at appropriate location. You might also want to think about placing a few onions near or around your cucumber plants as studies show that not only will onions keep soil bacteria and insects away, but they increase the cucumber plants overall yield. TOS 7. Elsanta) by an intron-hairpin-RNA construct containing the partial sense and corresponding antisense sequences of CHS was separated by an intron obtained from an F. ananassa quinone oxidoreductase gene. Weeds may potentially reduce the yield of wheat up to 23% (18%â29%) worldwide but due to weed management practices actual losses account for 7.7% (3%â13%) (Oerke, 2006). In addition to feeding humans, we also need plant-based crops to feed livestock and use for bio-energy. It also helps in the marketing and storage of the agricultural commodities. The natural fertility of land is declining with the passage of time. evolving new high-yield crop varieties中文研究高產作物的新品種…，點擊查查權威綫上辭典詳細解釋evolving new high-yield crop varieties的中文翻譯，evolving new high-yield crop varieties的發音，音標，用法和例句等。 Medson Chisi, Gary Peterson, in Sorghum and Millets (Second Edition), 2019. It supplies the mechanical power to tube wells, pumping sets, threshers, crushers, grinders and chaff cutters. Modern farming tools and technology like tractors, threshers and sprayers are also imperative for the successful cultivation of HYV. Irrigation is the most important input required for the successful cultivation of HYV. It may be emphasized that excessive irrigation and inadequate irrigation are both injurious to HYV of wheat and rice. The traditional farmers used to harvest green tomatoes, which were then sprayed with ethylene to fetch higher prices than ripe tomatoes; however, there is a substantial decrease in flavor content. Qingyao Shu, Dianxing Wu, in Reference Module in Food Science, 2016. They affect crop productivity by their higher yield potentials, resistance against insect pest and diseases under different climatic conditions. In the areas exclusively dependent on rains (Brahmaputra Valley) and in the dry farming areas (Rajasthan, Marathwada, etc.) Common factors for crop improvement - definition Crop variety improvement can be achieved by the process of selection. Maximizing the number of plants in a given space is a high-yield method. The side effects of pesticides include killing of susceptible nontarget species and disturbance of biodiversity. HYV give rise to short stemmed, stiff strawed plants that respond well to heavy dozes of fertilizers. This is important not only for cost reduction in rice production, but also has huge health benefits. In the case of non-availability of capital, the farmer should have an easy access to the credit facilities. The first irrigation to wheat around the third week of sowing alone raises yield by as much as 30 per cent than that when it is delayed. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In the developed countries like the UK, Germany, Netherlands and Japan the consumption of chemical fertilizers is much higher to that of India. Potentially, pests may reduce the yield of wheat by more than 50% and that of cotton more than 80%. Newer approaches are needed to meet the great increase in food production necessitated by population growth in … There is winter and spring varieties available. High yield stability usually refers to a genotype’s ability to perform consistently, whether at high or low yield levels, across a wide range of environments. Transgenic rice plants with Bt gene have proven to be highly resistant to all lepidopterans, including stem borers such as yellow stem borer, striped stem borer and pink stem borer, and rice leaf folders in field trials. Proteinase inhibitors have been found very effective in controlling the growth and development of many insects by inactivating serine proteinase enzymes of the insect (Larry and Richard, 2002). At the outbreak of a disease in the crop the entire area should be sprayed. Buy varieties that say they are compact or “bush” varieties. Every individual on earth has pesticide residues in their body, which have caused chronic diseases leading to death in human beings (Annett et al., 2014). The new varieties introduced since the first HYVs are now often referred to as MVs (modern varieties). Significant advances have been made in the genetic engineering of rice since the first transgenic rice plants reported in the late 1980s. The silencing of a ripening-related CHS gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria Ã ananassa cv. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The lodging of crop reduces the yield per unit area. So, a variety which has a yielding capacity of 104 is deemed to be 4% better yielding than the control varieties. Tillage deteriorated soil structure, oxidized organic matter, and produced compaction layers in the subsoil. To meet water requirements, there must be a controlled source of water at the disposal of farmers. One of the important factors which contributed to the success of new seeds in the states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh is the elaborate irrigation infrastructure in the form of canals, tube wells and pumping sets. Consequently, the HYV in such areas either could not be diffused or they are not performing satisfactorily. 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