Academy of Management Executive, 6(2), 43–54. A meta-analysis conducted by Strube and Garcia (1981) found that task-oriented leaders function best in situations that are either favorable (clear task structure, solid position power, and good leader/member relations) or unfavorable (unclear task structure, weak position power, and poor leader/member relations). Ask NOT “What should be taught in leadership courses?” but “How can leaders be helped to learn?” Research is needed to understand how leaders learn from their experiences, especially when they are coping with crises (see Avolio, 2007). Free Leadership Essays and Papers. (1994). Given the importance of leadership to the success of groups, organizations, or even entire civilizations, there are few more pressing questions than, “What is leadership?” Attempts to answer this question are evident in early discussions of the notion of leaders. Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Jung, D. I., & Bierson, Y. Fiedler, F. E. (1967). In. They listen attentively and consider the individual needs, abilities, and goals of their followers in their decisions. Leaders promote thoughtful, rational, and careful decision making. Special offer! 2000). New York: McGraw-Hill. Fiedler developed the least-preferred coworker (LPC) scale. Another change is that the future will most likely see more women break through the “glass ceiling” and take leadership positions. Text Message for a Quote: 1-570-301-7456. At the heart of the problem of defining leadership lie two fundamental difficulties. Although highly intelligent people may be effective leaders, their followers may feel that large differences in intellectual abilities mean large differences in attitudes, values, and interests. Hunt, James , Uma Sekaran, and Chester A. Schriesheim. It’ll make your essay focused and subject-concentrated. In the early 1900s, psychologists developed intelligence testing to measure individual differences in analytic ability. The failure of this approach to recognize the importance of the situation in providing clear distinctions between leaders and followers with regard to their traits caused many scientists to turn their attention elsewhere. American Psychologist, 62, 6–16. Finally, transactional leaders tend to adopt a laissez-faire approach by avoiding the need to make hard decisions. Similarly, Miller, Butler, and Cosentino (2004) found that the effectiveness of followers conformed to the same rules as those Fiedler applied to leaders. Leadership is commonly viewed in an abstract, broad, and romantic manner, Zaccaro (2007) suggests that the revival of the trait approach reflects a shift away from the idea that traits are inherited, as suggested in Galton’s 1869 book Hereditary Genius, and focuses on personal characteristics that reflect a range of acquired individual differences. Women Leadership Victoria Flanders Research paper Due Date: July 12, 2014 Margery College Abstract In the early asses, women fought their rights to vote; they had won their rights to vote. In this model, emphasis is placed on increasing followers’ involvement. The subordinates are left to take and act on what the leader prescribes and have little or no role in decision making. LEADERSHIP RESEARCH PAPER: POLITICAL LEADERSHIP 2 Leadership Research Paper: Political Leadership There are no argues bigger then argues about leadership. 2000. Leaders are believed to set smart goals for the subordinates and empower them enough to achieve the organizational goals. The best variant would be to understand the reason of your Leadership . Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. In a review of leadership research, Stogdill (1974, p.259) concluded that there are “almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept” - and that was 30 years ago! The Ohio State studies referred to this as consideration, the Managerial Grid calls this country club leadership, and McGregor uses the term Theory Y. Person-oriented leaders see their followers as responsible, self-controlled, and intrinsically motivated. Must subordinates accept the decision to make it work?” By answering such questions and applying the specific rules shown in Table 68.5, a leader is able to eliminate approaches that are likely to fail and to choose the approach that seems most feasible from those remaining. Leadership is the process of organizing, influencing, guiding, and motivating a group of people towards attaining a common objective.....Sample Research Paper on Leadership Open Always Email: support@globalcompose.com Call Now! Boston: Unwin Hyman. 1990b. They stimulate others to discard outmoded assumptions and beliefs and to explore new perspectives and ways of doing things. New genre refers to theories that have dominated leadership research since the 1980s, including charismatic, inspirational, transformational, and visionary leadership (Bass 1998; Bryman 1992). In this phase the pattern established by the leader and member becomes established. Weber proposed that charisma can occur when a leader with certain qualities emerges during a crisis to propose a new vision (Weber 1946). The League of Nations, created after the World War I, failed to meet the challenges of the times in large part because of a failure to secure effective leadership. A contingency model of leadership effectiveness. The definition provided by the U.S. Army is comprehensive and useful. With regard to bad leaders, Kellerman (2004) makes an important distinction between incompetent leaders and corrupt leaders. Eagly, A., & Johnson, B. To maintain the exchange, leaders must be careful to nurture the relationship with the in-group, giving them sufficient power to satisfy their needs but not so much power that they become independent. To answer this question, the researchers developed a matrix that outlines the five decision processes that range from highly autocratic through consultative to highly participative (see Table 68.4). Autocratic leaders employ the leadership style. Revolve your story around one topic. Vroom, Victor , and Philip W. Yetton. This paper analyzes the leadership approach of two leaders, the founder of Amazon.com, Jeff Bezos, and the founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group, Jack Ma. Another theory that addresses the relation between leadership style and the situation is path-goal theory (House, 1971). Situational factors beyond the control of the leader often affect the outcomes of any group effort. In some cultures, leadership is denigrated and regarded with suspicion. The need for achievement is manifested in the desire to solve problems and accomplish tasks. A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership. Followers as Partners: The Best Evidence of Good Leadership. In turn, followers increase their receptiveness and add legitimacy to the leader’s influence (Hollander 1993). Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). American Psychologist, 62, 43–47. Andrew Halpin and Ben Winer (1957), while adapting the LBDQ for use in the U.S. Air Force, identified initiating structure and consideration as two fundamental dimensions of leader behavior. According to their analysis, ethical leaders use their power to serve others, not for personal gain. Customer Service: 1-570-955-1438. 3 Leadership Research Paper Literature Review Robert Greenleaf was the first writer to describe the phrase servant leader. Leadership effectiveness can be gauged in several ways: employee performance, turnover, and dissatisfaction. Leader-member exchange theory (Graen and Ginsburgh 1977) proposes that leaders have in-groups of trusted individuals within their organization. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Implanting Pygmalion Leadership Style through WorkshopTraining: Seven Field Experiments. Calder, Bobby 1977. For example, leaders from northern European countries are more participative and less self-protective whereas leaders from southern Asia are more humane and less participative. Transactional leaders are controlling and paternalistic, making the leader be solely responsible for worker job satisfaction and high staff turnover (Benjamin, 2017). 1993), and social contagion (Meindl 1990). Transactional leaders use a contingent reward system, manage by exception, watch followers to catch them doing something wrong, and intervene only when standards are not met. Hollander, Edwin P. Legitimacy, Power, and Influence: A Perspective on Relational Features of Leadership. In J. Carroll (Ed. This kind of feedback can be useful in identifying areas in need of improvement. House, R. J., & Mitchell, R. R. (1974). Great leaders of the past do seem different from ordinary human beings. If the situational variables are the most influential aspects of leadership success, then the training models employed would seem most important. knowledge of leadership that I currently withhold. Some commentators assume that certain individuals are predisposed to be leaders, while others are not. Task-oriented leaders set standards and objectives, define responsibilities, evaluate employees, and monitor compliance with their directives. 1982. In L. Berkowitz (Ed. The effects of leader and subordinate characteristics in the development of leader-member exchange quality. Hackman and Wageman (2007) attempted to address this problem by reframing the questions we have been asking about leadership effectiveness, with the hope that these questions will be more informative than many of those asked previously. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. Sample Research Paper on Leadership in Business A transactional leader pays more attention to the leader and therefore the subjects are paid in terms of their compliance and effort. A leadership style is the leader’s method o… However, theorists using more sophisticated methodological and conceptual approaches have revived this approach. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. With this in mind, he suggested that leaders need to understand what their style is and to manipulate the situation so that the two match. (1969). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership in formal organizations. As Napoleon once said, “Leaders are dealers in hope.” Although the idea of charismatic leadership goes back as far as biblical times (“Where there is no vision, the people perish”—Proverbs 29:18), its modern development can be attributed to the work of Robert House. Read more Few areas of research have had a more controversial history than that on leadership traits and attributes. 2000. The humane style includes modesty and helping others. The quality of the leader-member relationship is dependent on several factors. However, intelligence is a two-edged sword. One of the latest new-genre approaches to leadership is the framework proposed in authentic leadership theory (Gardner et al. Supportive leadership. (1990). Yet, considerable debate exists among researchers regarding an understanding of who exerts influence, what kind of power or influence is exerted, when and where leadership takes place, and why and how this phenomenon occurs. (2007). Research Paper By Kimberly Denise Dennis (Life Coach, UNITED STATES) Once seen as the last step for an executive about to fall off the ladder, leadership coaches now help smooth a promotion, teach outsiders about their new culture, and tune up talent.- Journal of Contemporary Business, 3, 81–97. The second component broadens the concept of trait to refer not only to personality characteristics but also to motives, values, social and problem-solving skills, cognitive abilities, and expertise. Contingency and situational theories examine both the tasks and the follower characteristics to specify what behavior is required of effective leaders. In the Ohio State studies this was referred to as initiating structure, whereas McGregor (1960) refers to it as Theory X, and the Managerial Grid calls it task-centered. Leadership in organizations. 1991. This approach has three components. Halpin, Andrew W., and Ben Winer. In the process of doing that, they change their followers’ beliefs, values, and needs. The Behavioral Approach, VIII. As a result, later researchers erroneously concluded that personal traits and attributes alone could not be used to predict future leadership success. Executive coaching is a method for developing leaders that involves custom-tailored, one-on-one interactions. In. In. This theory describes how leaders maintain their influence by treating individual followers differently. Bass, B. M. (1990). Governments, businesses, industries, and private organizations have all turned to behavioral scientists to better understand how organizations work efficiently, how managers can improve workers’ performance, how teamwork and commitment can be instilled, and how an environment conducive to change can be structured. “Leadership appears to be a working relationship among members in a group, in which the leader acquires status through active participation and demonstration of his or her capacity to carry cooperative tasks to completion” (Bass and Stogdill 1990, p. 77). And because he takes no credit, credit never leaves him.”. In this research paper, we examine these various theories and describe the process of leadership development. Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays. Question 5. The idea of the tide leads us to the role of situational factors in leadership. In particular, Gibb noted the importance of establishing leadership/followership through early, shared, significant experiences; he also stressed that an important aspect of the organizational climate for the new leader derives from the policies of the former leader, the consequence of which shape followers’ expectations, morale, and interpersonal relations. They engage in open, two-way communication and are sensitive to their followers’ needs. In contrast, current research on in extremis leadership, or leadership of teams facing death (e.g., fire departments, SWAT teams, and the military) shows that the environment itself provides the inherent motivation. Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1984). Zaccaro, S. J. At this stage, it is clear that perceived similarities between the leader and follower become important. “A definition of leadership that would be widely accepted by the majority of theorists and researchers might say that ‘leadership is a process of social influence in which one person is able to enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task’ ” (Chemers 1997, p. 1). Shaw, Marvin , and Philip R. Costanzo. (2003). House, Robert 1971. Industrial and organizational psychology (pp. Ask NOT “What are the traits that define an effective leader?” but “How do leaders’ personal attributes interact with situational properties to shape outcomes?” This approach will require that we reduce our reliance on both fixed traits and complex contingencies. They argued that this approach is useful because certain combinations of task and relationship behaviors may be more effective in certain situations than in others. Meindl, R. 1990. [2000] for a review of this literature). Participative leadership. Some of the disciplines that must contribute to the study of leadership include media and communications. Leadership And Leadership Of Leadership 877 Words | 4 Pages. Theorists have developed many different theories about leadership, and although none of the theories completely explains everything about leadership, each has received some scientific support. 2005; Avolio and Gardner 2005; Avolio, Gardner, Walumbwa, et al. Nevertheless, in most of the situations in which leaders find themselves, they are not that powerless and their effectiveness is mostly a result of matching their skills with the demands of the situation, which brings us to a discussion of contingency theories. Typically these prototypes include both task and relationship skills as well as an expectation that the leader will epitomize the core values of the group. House proposed three areas that would affect the path-goals relationship: the task, the characteristics of the followers, and the nature of the group to which the followers belong. New York: Academic Press. These cognitive structures are called implicit leadership theories or leader prototypes. As a result of training and education, transformational leaders motivate and enable followers to accomplish more than what is expected, set increasingly higher goals, and achieve higher standards. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247. Their training seminars are held annually in cities across the country and address both general leadership skills as well as strategic leadership. Vroom, V. H., & Jago, A. G. (2007). In their work, leader traits are not attributes of the person but the basis for the leader’s behavior. 12. He argues that a prerequisite to effective leadership is followership. It is the process by which others are motivated to contribute to the success of the groups of which they are members. By demonstrating competency, assisting the achievement of group goals, and conforming to group norms, leaders demonstrate commitment to the group and in turn earn credits (Chemers 1997). Special offer! Lecture I: The Hero as Divinity. Initial findings that intelligences correlated with leadership led researchers toward searching for additional nonintellective traits that might be predictors of behavioral tendencies (Chemers 1997). It is important to recognize that charismatic leadership can have a dark side. knowledge of leadership that I currently withhold. Question 2. Customer Service: 1-570-955-1438. 2000, p. 130). As a leadership development tool, networking is designed to reduce the isolation of leaders and help them better understand the organization in which they work. The human side of enterprise. A 2004 meta-analysis by Avolio and colleagues compared studies in which the researcher manipulated newgenre leadership with studies that manipulated traditional theories (e.g. This theory holds that high levels of leader self-awareness, self-regulation, and transparency, among other things, will increase the leader’s positive effects on their followers. Power and Leadership in Organizations: Relationships in Transition. As many definitions of leadership exist as do authors who have studied the concept.
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