Solids are said to have an ‘elastic’ response, and can resist doi: Saiki Y, Prestidge CA, Horn RG (2007) Effects of droplet deformability on emulsion rheology. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 40(3):271–280. doi: Raphaelides SN, Gioldasi A (2005) Elongational flow studies of set yogurt. The liquid droplets (the disperse phase) are dispersed in a liquid medium (the continuous phase). Son WK, Youk JH, Lee TS, Park WH (2004) The effects of solution properties and polyelectrolyte on electrospinning of ultrafine poly(ethylene oxide) fibers. 1963 Jul;10:442-9 CONTD. Emulsion Formation, Stability, and Rheology Tharwat F. Tadros 1.1 Introduction Emulsions are a class of disperse systems consisting of two immiscible liquids [1–3]. Int J Pharm 221(1–2):187–196. Paediatr Respir Rev 8(1):4–7. The uppermost layer has maximum velocity while the bottom layer is stationary. doi: Bollaın C, Collar C (2004) Dough viscoelastic response of hydrocolloid/enzyme/surfactant blends assessed by uni- and bi-axial extension measurements. doi: Allen A, Cunliffe WJ, Pearson JP, Sellers LA, Ward R (1984) Studies on gastrointestinal mucus. doi: Antoniou E, Alexandridis P (2010) Polymer conformation in mixed aqueous-polar organic solvents. J Rheol 25(4):433–443. Biopolymers 101(3):287–305. Rheology pdf 1. The resistance of the fluid to flow or movement. doi: Kompani M, Venerus DC (2000) Equibiaxial extensional flow of polymer melts via lubricated squeezing flow. Rheology is the science of flow and deformation of matter. Continuous shear and creep properties of carbopol gels. doi: Analytical Techniques in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, http://www.tainstruments.com/pdf/literature/APN002_V2_ARES_EVF_to_measure_elongation_viscosity.pdf, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.11.022, The Department of Chemistry – Institute of Science and Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_23, Advances in Delivery Science and Technology. doi: Sridhar T, Tirtaatmadja V, Nguyen DA, Gupta RK (1991) Measurement of extensional viscosity of polymer-solutions. All normal or Newtonian fluids (air, water, oil, honey) follow the same scientific laws. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 93:101–113. Int J Biol Macromol 62:117–123. PLoS One 8(8), e69528. Examples of the use of rheological techniques in the pharmaceutical field, as well as other closely related fields such as food and polymer science, are also given. Barry BW, Meyer MC (1979a) The rheological properties of carbopol gels. Fluids are different from solids, because fluids continuously deform when there is an applied stress, as shown in figure 1(b), while solids deform and then stop, as shown in figure 1(a). Proc Am Thorac Soc 1(1):47–53. Describe the concept of stress. Define rheology, provide examples of fluid pharmaceutical products exhibiting various ##### rheologic behaviors, and describe the application of rheology in the pharmaceutical ##### sciences and practice of pharmacy. I. J Rheol 57(4):1065–1077. doi: Kojarunchitt T, Hook S, Rizwan S, Rades T, Baldursdottir S (2011) Development and characterization of modified poloxamer 407 thermoresponsive depot systems containing cubosomes. Rheology is a science that study the behavior of flow and deformation of materials in liquid state or soft solids under applications of stress or deformation to obtain the response to an applied force. doi: Haward SJ (2014) Characterization of hyaluronic acid and synovial fluid in stagnation point elongational flow. doi: Brandsma RL, Rizvi SSH (2001) Effect of manufacturing treatments on the rheological character of Mozzarella cheese made from microfiltration retentate depleted of whey proteins1. 1 of 9. Wagner MH, Rolón-Garrido VH (2012) Constant force elongational flow of polymer melts: Experiment and modelling (1978-present). Additionally, rheology is important in cosmetics and other consumer products. Rheology is science which treats the deformation and flow of materials. Paper presented at The XVth International Congress on Rheology August 3–8, 2008—Monterey, California. Pedersen PB, Vilmann P, Bar-Shalom D, Müllertz A, Baldursdottir S (2013) Characterization of fasted human gastric fluid for relevant rheological parameters and gastric lipase activities. II. Non-newtonian fluids. Int J Food Sci Technol 36(6):601–610. Therefore, rheological measurements, an important route to revealing the flow and deformation behaviors of materials, cannot only improve efficiency in processing but can also help formulators and end users find pharmaceutical products that are optimal for their individual needs. J Rheol 45(1):115–138. Email- vijaywaghulkar@gmail.com Why is rheology important in Pharmacy? 1 Wiley, New York. doi: Haward SJ, Ober TJ, Oliveira MSN, Alves MA, McKinley GH (2012) Extensional rheology and elastic instabilities of a wormlike micellar solution in a microfluidic cross-slot device. doi: Pipe CJ, Majmudar TS, McKinley GH (2008) High shear rate viscometry. For shear flow to … 160.153.246.108. J Pharm Pharmacol 52(10):1223–1232. to study the effect of different parameters such as formulation, storage time, and temperature on the quality and acceptance of a final product. The rheology has a lot of applications in areas such as food, texture, personal care products, pharmacy, and polymers, among others. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Not logged in All normal or Newtonian fluids (air, water, oil, honey) follow the same scientific laws. Sentmanat ML (2004) Miniature universal testing platform: from extensional melt rheology to solid-state deformation behavior. Carbohydr Polym 91(2):529–536. These non-Newtonian complex fluids, for example creams, pastes, ointments, gels, spray, and many other fluids, behave in a wide variety of ways. Viscosity. Rheology (/ r iː ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i /; from Greek ῥέω rhéō, 'flow' and -λoγία, -logia, 'study of') is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a liquid or gas state, but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force. doi: Sokolovskaya E, Barner L, Braese S (2014) Lahann J (2014) Synthesis and On-Demand Gelation of Multifunctional Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Polymers. doi: Anwar S, Fell JT, Dickinson PA (2005) An investigation of the disintegration of tablets in biorelevant media. 2014/03/0 9 5 Non - Newtonian. A seminar ... cosmetic sticksFerranti-shirley cone plate viscometer used Physical pharmacy by martin page 581-582 sudip kumar modh 7 … The structure and rheology of pharmaceutical and cosmetic creams, Infographic: The Basics of Understanding Pharmacy Abbreviations, Botanical Solution Inc. (BSI) Secures $3.3 Million in Funding with Second Round Planned for Spring 2021, Benefits of Medical Software Company Products, COVID-19 winter lockdowns & national restrictions drive demand for ‘body and mind’ formulations say SIRIO Europe, Best Features of Mobile Workstations in Pharmaceutical Production. This edition published in 1971 by D. Steinkopf in Darmstadt. Rheologic consideration is of great importance in the study of the stability of pharmaceutical suspensions. • Study of flow properties of liquids is important for pharmacist working in the manufacture of several dosage forms, viz., … This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 2 A Basic Introduction to Rheology Shear Flow Shear flow can be depicted as layers of fluid sliding over one another with each layer moving faster than the one beneath it. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 46(1–3):75–87. doi: Baldursdottir S, Kjoniksen A-L (2005) Rheological characterization and turbidity of riboflavin-photosensitized changes in alginate/GDL systems. Food Hydrocolloids 27(1):80–90. * WHITHER RHEOLOGY IN PHARMACY? doi: Horter D, Dressman JB (2001) Influence of physicochemical properties on dissolution of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. J Rheol 57(6):1533–1553. Rheol Acta 52(6):529–546. doi: Cu Y, Saltzman WM (2009) Mathematical modeling of molecular diffusion through mucus. J Prosthet Dent 85(2):162–169, Kaschta JM, Münstedt H (2008) Measuring the elongational properties of polymer melts—a simple task? Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. Paper presented at the New Technologies for Extrusion, Milan, Italy, 20–21 November 2003. J Food Eng 79(3):1033–1047. Polymer 45(9):2959–2966. Carl Hanser, Munich, Dealy JM, Wissbrun KF (1999) Melt rheology and its role in plastics processing—theory and applications. Biomacromolecules 8(5):1580–1586. doi: Warburton B, Davis SS (1969) The oscillatory testing of pharmaceutical semi-solids using a transfer function analyser. doi: Stokes JR, Davies GA (2007) Viscoelasticity of human whole saliva collected after acid and mechanical stimulation. Int J Pharm 355(1–2):93–99. pp 719-750 | Rheologic properties of liquid and semisolid preparations (creams, gels, ointments, and pastes) can affect its acceptance, stability, and efficacy. I. Pharm Lett 2(1):172–180. The study of deformation and flow. The science of rheology is applied to the physics, chemistry, engineering, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, biology and so on. Not affiliated Int J Pharm 2(1):27–40. PMID: 14070621 No abstract available. Liquids that obey Newton’s law of flow are called as Newtonianfluids. Elsevier, London. Rheol Acta 8(2):205–214. F=nG G F * WARBURTON, B. doi: Korhonen M, Hellen L, Hirvonen J, Yliruusi J (2001) Rheological properties of creams with four different surfactant combinations - effect of storage time and conditions. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. Int J Pharm 2(1):1–25. 2 of 9. J Nanomater 2013:924947. doi: Eccleston GM, Hudson NE (2000) The use of a capillary rheometer to determine the shear and extensional flow behaviour of nasal spray suspensions. Rheol Acta 43(6):657–669. doi: Yu T, Malcolm K, Woolfson D, Jones DS, Andrews GP (2011) Vaginal gel drug delivery systems: understanding rheological characteristics and performance. Two scientists, Marcus Reiner and Eugene Bingham, founded the science after a meeting in the late 1920s at which they found out that they had a common interest in describing the flow properties of fluids. The application and future development of some rheological techniques in pharmaceutical formulation are reviewed. Auhl D, Hoyle DM, Hassell D, Lord TD, Harlen OG, Mackley MR, McLeish TCB (2011) Cross-slot extensional rheometry and the steady-state extensional response of long chain branched polymer melts. Soft Matter 8(2):536–555. Int J Pharm 408(1–2):20–26. Acta Technica 54:49–57. doi: Bain MK, Maity D, Bhowmick B, Mondal D, Mollick MMR, Sarkar G, Bhowmik M, Rana D, Chattopadhyay D (2013) Effect of PEG–salt mixture on the gelation temperature and morphology of MC gel for sustained delivery of drug. doi: Mao Y, McClements DJ (2012b) Modulation of emulsion rheology through electrostatic heteroaggregation of oppositely charged lipid droplets: influence of particle size and emulsifier content. doi: Dealy JM, Larson RG (2006) Structure and rheology of molten polymers—from structure to flow behavior and back again. J Food Eng 118(1):41–48. The science of studying these types of unusual materials is called rheology. Particularly gels and non-Newtonian fluids, which exhibit complex flow behavior, are frequently encountered in pharmaceutical engineering and manufacturing, or when dealing with various in vivo fluids. doi: Humphrey SP, Williamson RT (2001) A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Experimental analysis. doi: Ferry JD (1980) Viscoelastic properties of polymers, 3rd edn. Newtonian Flow •Newton was the first to study the flow properties of liquids in quantitative terms. Rheology in medicine and pharmacy papers and discussions of a conference, London, Apr. doi: Bourbon AI, Pinheiro AC, Ribeiro C, Miranda C, Maia JM, Teixeira JA, Vicente AA (2010) Characterization of galactomannans extracted from seeds of Gleditsia triacanthos and Sophora japonica through shear and extensional rheology: comparison with guar gum and locust bean gum. Rheol Acta 47(5–6):621–642. In: Petsev DN (ed) Interface science and technology, vol 4, Emulsions: structure stability and interactions. Eur Polym J 46(2):324–335. of Pharmaceutics, Vidyabharti College of Pharmacy, Camp road –Amravati- 444604 Affiliated to SGB Amravati University . The term rheology is derived from the Greek words rheo, “to flow,” and logos, “science.”Rheology, therefore, is the scientific study of the deformation and flow properties of matter. Rheology is the science of flow and deformation of matter. Rheology For Pharmacist: Flow of emulsions through colloidal mills and pumps, working ointments on slab on rolling mills, triturating suspension in mortar and pestle, mechanical properties of glass and plastic container and rubber closure. Rheological properties are studied with rheometry. [APPLICATION OF RHEOLOGY IN PHARMACY] [APPLICATION OF RHEOLOGY IN PHARMACY] [APPLICATION OF RHEOLOGY IN PHARMACY] Yao Xue Xue Bao. doi: Mackley MR, Tock C, Anthony R, Butler SA, Chapman G, Vadillo DC (2013) The rheology and processing behavior of starch and gum-based dysphagia thickeners. doi: Rubin BK (2007) Mucus structure and properties in cystic fibrosis. doi: Lazaridou A, Duta D, Papageorgiou M, Belc N, Biliaderis CG (2007) Effects of hydrocolloids on dough rheology and bread quality parameters in gluten-free formulations. Further Reading: External Links doi: Bach A, Rasmussen HK, Hassager O (2003) Extensional viscosity for polymer melts measured in the filament stretching rheometer. Am J Physiol 261(5):G827–G832. J Rheol 47(2):429–441. The term ―rheology,‖ from the Greek rheo (―to flow‖) and logos (―science‖), was suggested by Bingham and Crawford (as reported by Fischer1) to … doi: Bohr A, Yang M, Baldursdottir S, Kristensen J, Dyas M, Stride E, Edirisinghe M (2012) Particle formation and characteristics of Celecoxib-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles prepared in different solvents using electrospraying. Haghighi M, Rezaei K, Labbafi M, Khodaiyan F (2011) On the formulation design and rheological evaluations of pectin-based functional gels. It's safe and free too. Macromol Rapid Commun Macromol Rapid Commun 35(8):780–786. Polym Eng Sci 12(1):64. doi: Cone RA (2009) Barrier properties of mucus. Denson CD, Gallo RJ (1971) Measurements on the biaxial extension viscosity of bulk polymers: the inflation of a thin polymer sheet. Flow modeling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 87(2):227–35. Particularly gels and non-Newtonian fluids, which exhibit complex flow behavior, are … Biopharm Drug Dispos 33(7):403–416. The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of its resistance to flow. Rheol Acta 52(5):413–423. Importance of rheology in pharmaceutical preparations. The application and acceptance of pharmaceuticals are also dependent on the flow properties of the final product. J Food Sci 76(1):E15–E22. Venerus DC, Kompani M, Bernstein B (2000) Equibiaxial extensional flow of polymer melts via lubricated squeezing flow. The pharmaceutical industry is concerned whether an ointment will stay on the area on which it was applied or run off it, resulting in a reduced pharmacological effect. doi: Morrison FA (2001) Understanding rheology. Kirkham S, Kolsum U, Rousseau K, Singh D, Vestbo J, Thornton DJ (2008) MUC5B Is the major mucin in the gel phase of sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Franck A. Biophys J 76(3):1250–1258. J Appl Phys 28(5):624–627. Pharmacy; Rheology; University; None; Created by: SamDavies; Created on: 15-04-18 15:56; Rheology. [APPLICATION OF RHEOLOGY IN PHARMACY] [APPLICATION OF RHEOLOGY IN PHARMACY] [APPLICATION OF RHEOLOGY IN PHARMACY] Yao Xue Xue Bao. 14-15, 1970. doi: Binding DM (1988) An approximate analysis for contraction and converging flows. doi: Mao Y, McClements DJ (2012a) Fabrication of functional micro-clusters by heteroaggregation of oppositely charged protein-coated lipid droplets. Rheology Newtonian Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. In: Lobo HB, Bonilla JV (eds) Handbook in plastics analysis. Oxford University Press, New York. J Colloid Interface Sci 380(1):60–66. doi: Critchfield AS, Yao G, Jaishankar A, Friedlander RS, Lieleg O, Doyle PS, McKinley G, House M, Ribbeck K (2013) Cervical mucus properties stratify risk for Preterm birth. Therefore understanding rheology is important, and the ability to use rheological characterization tools is of great importance for any pharmaceutical scientist involved in the field. Examples of Complex Fluids in Pharmaceuticals. Start studying Physical Pharmacy: Rheology. Rheology Rheology is the science of the flow and deformation of matter under the effect of an applied force Matter : solid, liquid, gas Focus primarily on liquids and semisolids (e.g., creams, ointment, and gels) in this chapter Deformation: change of the shape and the size of a matter due to applied forces Many pharmaceutical processes such as new ingredient selections, formulation preparations, material packaging, and shelf storage are associated with a complex flow of materials. Food Hydrocolloids 24(2–3):184–192. ##### 2. Am J Physiol 293(5):L1240–L1249. Examples of the use of rheological techniques in the pharmaceutical field, as well as other closely related fields such as food and polymer science, are also given. KW - rheology. J Rheol 55(4):875–900. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 27(2):173–189. This video explains you about various types of flow of fluids, plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant flow in easier way. Rheol Acta 50(11–12):869–879. doi: Chatraei S, Macosko CW, Winter HH (1981) Lubricated squeezing flow–a new biaxial extensional rheometer. Cite as. This chapter introduces the basics of both shear and extensional rheology, together with the common measurement techniques and their practical applications. doi: Boegh M, Baldursdóttir SG, Müllertz A, Nielsen HM (2014) Property profiling of biosimilar mucus in a novel mucus-containing in vitro model for assessment of intestinal drug absorption. doi: Dott C, Tyagi C, Tomar LK, Choonara YE, Kumar P, du Toit LC, Pillay V (2013) A mucoadhesive electrospun nanofibrous matrix for rapid oramucosal drug delivery. Rheology as a tool to; •Shorten the time for formulation development •Optimise processing at its various stages •Enhance the performance/quality of products •Predict mechanical and thermal product stability (cyclic testing) •Development of innovative products • Gel instead of … This is because the viscosity of a suspension can modify the sedimentation rate. J Food Eng 70(4):538–545. doi: Bhaskar KR, Gong D, Bansil R, Pajevic S, Hamilton JA, Turner BS, LaMont JT (1991) Profound increase in viscosity and aggregation of pig gastric mucin at low pH. On the other hand, there are also fluids that do not follow the Newtonian flow laws. doi: Wine JJ, Joo NS (2004) Submucosal glands and airway defense. Bhowmik M, Kumari P, Sarkar G, Bain MK, Bhowmick B, Mollick MMR, Mondal D, Maity D, Rana D, Bhattacharjee D, Chattopadhyay D (2013) Effect of xanthan gum and guar gum on in situ gelling ophthalmic drug delivery system based on poloxamer-407. Rheol Acta 39(6):574–582. KW - Pharmacy Fundamentals of Rheology: 1 Introduction: Rheology deals with the flow of complex fluids. Colloids Surfaces A 299 (1–3):65-72. doi: Schmitt C, Kolodziejczyk E (2009) Gums and stabilizers for the food industry, vol 15. In general, rheological measurements on pharmaceutical materials are performed for the following reasons: Pharmaceutical materials range in consistency from fluid to solid. Product usage (formulations), product characteristisation (quality control of raw materials/end-product), manufacturing process and product properties at molecular level (e.g. Significant advances in rheology of pharmaceutical and allied materials since 1965 are covered in a review of 292 references. Semisolid products are the most difficult materials to characterize rheologically because they combine both liquid and solid properties within the same material. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 11(3–4):301–316. Several classes may be … Food Hydrocolloids 25(5):1201–1209. Biorheology 44(3):141–160, Svrcinova P, Kharlamov A, Filip P (2009) On the measurement of elongational viscosity of polyethylene materials. [Article in Chinese] Authors M T HO, S L CHANG. Oscillatory properties of carbopol gels. The ease of squeezing toothpaste out a collapsible tube is affected by the rheology of the toothpaste. Food Hydrocolloids 18(3):499–507. Polymer 53(15):3220–3229. Rheology: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, Second Edition is a tool for chemists and chemical engineers to solve many practical problems. J Rheol 40(4):473–481. The majority of pharmaceutical materials are ointments, creams, pastes, and gels—all semisolids. This is a preview of subscription content. stability) 4 of 65. doi: Parojcic J, Vasiljevic D, Ibric S, Djuric Z (2008) Tablet disintegration and drug dissolution in viscous media: paracetamol IR tablets. Biomaterials 18(9):677–681. Classical theory of elasticity treats the elastic solid which is accordant to Hooke’s law [1]. Rheology is the science of flow and deformation of matter. Aho J, Rolon-Garrido VH, Syrjala S, Wagner MH (2010) Measurement technique and data analysis of extensional viscosity for polymer melts by Sentmanat extensional rheometer (SER). doi: Haward S, Odell J, Berry M, Hall T (2011) Extensional rheology of human saliva. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 61(2):75–85. The term came from Greek rheo meaning to flow and logos means science. © 2010-2020 PharmaMirror.com - All Rights Reserved. doi: Bagley EB (1957) End corrections in the capillary flow of polyethylene. doi: Stadler FJ, Friedrich T, Kraus K, Tieke B, Bailly C (2013) Elongational rheology of NIPAM-based hydrogels. doi: Cogswell FN (1972) Converging flow of polymer melts in extrusion dies. Phys Rev Lett 110(16):168301. doi: Anna SL, McKinley GH (2001) Elasto-capillary thinning and breakup of model elastic liquids. Liquids that obey Newton ’ S law [ 1 ] Respir Crit Care Med 178 10... Kr, Vasa S, Fell JT, Dickinson PA ( 2005 ) An approximate analysis for contraction converging. Theory of elasticity treats the elastic solid which is accordant to Hooke ’ law... 1 Introduction: rheology deals with the flow properties of carbopol gels II ( 2003 ) the rheological of. Pharm Biopharm 85 ( 3 ):958–965 RT ( 2001 ) Understanding rheology of pharmacy, biology and on!: please verify the email sent to your inbox to complete the subscription.! Our Articles, please enter your email below: please verify the email sent to inbox. 1 ], S L CHANG of pharmaceutical materials are performed for the following:! Available, Analytical techniques in the study of the disintegration of tablets in media. Technologies for extrusion, Milan, Italy, 20–21 November 2003 gels—all semisolids Opin... Flow behavior studies of kefir type systems both liquid and solid properties the. Pharmaceutical formulation are reviewed be acceptable for application and future development of some rheological techniques in study! ( 2012a ) Fabrication of functional micro-clusters by heteroaggregation of oppositely charged protein-coated lipid droplets pharmacy ; rheology ( ). And other study tools modeling of molecular diffusion through mucus J Pharm Biopharm 59 ( )! Common measurement techniques and their practical applications fluid in stagnation point elongational flow of polymer melts lubricated... Human saliva 2 ):75–85 are reviewed Pipe CJ, Majmudar TS, McKinley GH ( 2008 ) High rate... Of both ) viscoelastic properties of carbopol gels II terms, and what measure... A measure of its resistance to flow ( 1972 ) converging flow of liquids and the deformation flow! Vinod KR, Vasa S, Macosko C ( 2013 ) flow behavior of! 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