We used a socioeconomic model to estimate the land-use implications on the U.S. Conservation Reserve Program from potential increases in second-generation biofuel production. The Energy Independence and Security Act calls for a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS-2), which mandates that the U.S. increase the volume of biofuel that is blended into transportation fuel from 9 to 36 billion gallons from 2008 to 2022. ; How Many Commercial Cellulosic Biofuel Plants Exist?; What Policy Options Are Available to Meet the Congressionally Mandated RFS for Cellulosic Biofuels? Figures and tables. This is a print on demand report. Renewable fuel standards, low carbon fuel standards, and ethanol subsidies are popular policies to incentivize ethanol production and reduce emissions from transportation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to set the annual standard (i.e., usage requirement) for cellulosic biofuels under the RFS if the projected volume of cellulosic biofuel production is less than the volume specified ... It also examines how food prices, fuel prices, and emissions would vary in an illustrative year, 2017, under three scenarios for the Renewable Fuel Standard. Figures and tables. This is a print on demand report. Long-term technological advances are needed to meet this mandate. This book examines how meeting the RFS-2 would affect various key components of the U.S. economy. It progressively increases the required volumes of renewable fuel used in motor vehicles (Appendix B). The RFS requires 36 billion (B) gallons (gal) per year of renewable fuels by 2022. Strategies to reduce the dependence of the United States on foreign oil, increase the use of renewable energy, and lessen the contribution to global warming have received significant attention. Federal policy has played a key role in the emergence of the U.S. biofuels industry. In this study, a novel combination of electrodialysis and spray drying was investigated to recover the salt. In December 2007, the Congress expanded the renewable fuel standard (RFS), which requires rising use of ethanol and other biofuels, from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons in 2022. Congress established the RFS in 2005 and expanded it 2 years later. The RFS generally mandates that transportation fuels--typically gasoline and diesel--sold in the United States contain increasing amounts of biofuels. Found inside – Page 35... policy makers envisioned 1 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuel would be consumed in 2013 , increasing to 16 billion gallons by 2022. FUEL OXYGENATES ARE WIDELY USED IN THE United States. The United States Congress set out to increase the blending of biofuels by updating and implementing the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) in 2007. Strategies to reduce the dependence of the United States on foreign oil, increase the use of renewable energy, and lessen the contribution to global warming have received significant attention. Annual targets for the volumes of biofuels to be blended are set by statute. GAO was asked to review issues related to advanced biofuels R&D. This report describes (1) how the federal government has supported advanced biofuels R&D in recent years and where its efforts have been targeted and (2) expert views on the ... The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) as amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 created a federal mandate for blending conventional biofuels like corn-based ethanol and advanced biofuels like biodiesel and renewable ... Found inside – Page 7695122 REFORM OF RENEWABLE FUEL section to section 211 ( 0 ) of the Clean Air ... 42 U.S.C. STANDARD ( 42 U.S.C. 7545 ( 0 ) ) shall apply only with re 7545 ( 0 ) ... FUEL OXYGENATES ARE WIDELY USED IN THE United States. Corn oil recovery and conversion to biodiesel has been widely adopted at corn ethanol plants recently. The US EPA has projected 2.6 billion liters of biodiesel will be produced from corn oil in 2022. High petroleum and gasoline prices, concerns over global climate change, and the desire to promote domestic rural economies have greatly increased interest in biofuels as an alternative to petroleum in the U.S. transportation sector. The U.S. federal renewable fuel standard (RFS) set a goal of 36 million gallons of biofuel to be consumed in 2022 as transportation fuel. (Cont) These ethanol production results were then applied to assess the feasibility and environmental impact of achieving the new Renewable Fuels Standard, of producing 136 billion liters of renewable fuels by 2022. During the past 10 years, ethanol production in the United States has grown exponentially. Renewable Motor Fuels: The Past, the Present and the Uncertain Future presents an opportunity to gain an insightful understanding of all the key aspects of alternative automotive fuels in one book. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140), significantly expanded the renewable fuel standard (RFS) established in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005, P.L. 109-58). Policy makers, investors, leaders in industry, the transportation sector, and others with a concern for the environment, economy, and energy security will look to this book as a roadmap to independence from foreign oil. In February 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released the revised Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), mandating at least 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels to be produced annually in America, and blended into all on/off road, ... Volatile oil prices and political uncertainty surrounding uninterrupted oil supplies has pressured the U.S. Congress and economists to search for substitutes. Even if all of the E0 gasoline dispensers in the country were converted to E10, such sales would represent only about 15 billion gallons per year. If 15% ethanol, rather than 10% were used, the potential would be up to 22 billion gallons. While energy prices, energy security, and climate change are front and center in the national media, these issues are often framed to the exclusion of the broader issue of sustainability-ensuring that the production and use of biofuels do ... This summary edition of the book will also be a useful resource for professionals working in the energy industry or involved in advocacy and researchers and academics in energy-related fields of study. Long-term technological advances are needed to meet this mandate. This book examines how meeting the RFS-2 would affect various key components of the U.S. economy. Although on an energy basis gasoline / ethanol blends typically return similar fuel economy to straight gasoline, because of its lower energy density (gasoline ~ 31.8MJ/l and ethanol ~ 21.1MJ/l) the volume based fuel economy of gasoline / ... GAO was asked to review issues related to advanced biofuels R & D. This report describes (1) how the federal government has supported advanced biofuels R & D in recent years and where its efforts have been targeted and (2) expert views on ... Third, the marketing, distribution, and vehicle infrastructure must absorb the increasing volumes of renewable fuel, including cellulosic fuel mandated by the RFS. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 calls on the nation to significantly increase its use of renewable fuels to meet its transportation energy needs. Biofuels can be an alternative to oil and are produced from renewable sources, like corn. In 2005, Congress created the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), which requires transportation fuel to contain 36 billion gallons of biofuels by 2022. To address such issues, the overarching objective of this research work was to understand the implications of an expansion in bioenergy crops as mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard 2 (through 2022) on ... To help illuminate these issues, the National Research Council held a colloquium on July 12, 2007 in Washington, DC. Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States, based in part on discussions at the colloquium, concludes ... The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) calls for a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS-2), which mandates that the United States increase the volume of biofuel that is blended into transportation fuel from 9 billion gallons in ... The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) calls for a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS-2), which mandates that the United States increase the volume of biofuel that is blended into transportation fuel from 9 billion gallons in ... Meeting these volume targets and achieving a national-scale biofuels industry will require expansion of production capacity beyond the 2012 Conventional Feedstock Supply Design Case to access diverse available feedstocks, regardless of ... 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