Many products come from wool like clothes and bags. This wool is very limited in supply and much of it comes from New Zealand and Australia. Incorporer. Damage or breaks in the wool can occur if the sheep is stressed while it is growing its fleece, resulting in a thin spot where the fleece is likely to break.[13]. The photos were taken on an East Taranaki sheep station and photographer Rob Tucker’s photo studio. Wool is mainly obtained by shearing fleece from living animals, but pelts of slaughtered sheep are sometimes treated to loosen the fibre, yielding an inferior type called pulled wool. [12] The finest and most valuable wool comes from Merino hoggets. 1 decade ago. Wool, animal fibre forming the protective covering, or fleece, of sheep or of other hairy mammals, such as goats and camels. Although sheep were domesticated some 9,000 to 11,000 years ago, archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC,[17][18] with the earliest woven wool garments having only been dated to two to three thousand years later. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion Here you will find answers to your questions. Merino vs other sheep The quality of wool is determined by its fiber diameter, crimp, yield, color, and staple strength. "Reprocessed wool" identifies "wool which has been woven or felted into a wool product and subsequently reduced to a fibrous state without having been used by the ultimate consumer". Cotton is cotton, from the cotton plant. 0 1. [19] Woolly sheep were introduced into Europe from the Near East in the early part of the 4th millennium BC. ", "2004/51/1 Trophy and plaque, Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum trophy and plaque, plaster / bronze / silver / gold, trophy designed and made by Not Vital for Ermenegildo Zegna, Switzerland, 2001", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wool&oldid=998073314, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles needing additional references from December 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 21–26 microns, white, 90–180 mm (3.5–7.1 in) long. Noté /5. Organic wool is becoming more and more popular. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity. Examples, This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 18:01. The fleece protects sheep from the weather, keeping them warm during winter and cool during the hot summer. After the Restoration, fine English woolens began to compete with silks in the international market, partly aided by the Navigation Acts; in 1699, the English crown forbade its American colonies to trade wool with anyone but England herself. Order the steps: where does wool come from? Wool goes through a multi-step process to clean it, regularize it, and transforms it into soft yarn. It’s considered such a specialised skill that there are even national competitions to find Australia’s best shearer each year. One of the terms for our suppliers is that upon each product delivery, we must receive a confirmation of the wool's origin. [44], Textile fibre from the hair of sheep or other mammals, The Land, Merinos – Going for Green and Gold, p.46, US use flame resistance, 21 August 2008, Preparation of Australian Wool Clips, Code of Practice 2010–2012, Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX), 2010, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBradford_Industrial_Museum2015 (, Country Leader, NSW Wool Sells for a Quarter of a Million, 7 July 2008, Australian Wool Network News, Issue #19, July 2008, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Timeline of clothing and textiles technology, "Wool Management – Maximizing Wool Returns", "The Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939. This method is preferred for small lots or mixed butts to make savings on reclassing and testing. Asked by Wiki User. Since wool made from alpaca fibers does not contain any lanolin, it is hypoallergenic. [38][citation needed] Wool fiber exteriors are hydrophobic (repel water) and the interior of the wool fiber is hygroscopic (attracts water); this makes a wool garment suitable cover for a wet diaper by inhibiting wicking, so outer garments remain dry. Where Does Cotton Come From Cotton is grown in warm climates. Wool comes from animals who grow it. But the reality is much more complicated than that. Some marketing firms sell wool on a consignment basis, obtaining a fixed percentage as commission. The breed does well in arid climates, and today the majority of Merino production in the world originates from Australia. 98% of Australia’s wool is exported, with the vast majority of this exported to China where it goes through the initial stages of its journey into becoming clothing. Sequencing Sheets . Wool comprises ca 3% of the global textile market, but its value is higher owing to dying and other modifications of the material. Where does wool yarn come from? This is the largest sheep and wool show in the world, with goats and alpacas, as well as woolcraft competitions and displays, fleece competitions, sheepdog trials, shearing, and wool handling. That's possible, but its seems equally plausible that "to pull the wool over one's eyes" is related to the earlier phrase "to pull the wool" of an opponent, meaning either literally or figuratively to pull his hair (for which "wool" was established slang of the period) in anger. Where does it come from? These grades may vary depending on the breed or purpose of the wool. In 1980, a national award, the Ermenegildo Zegna Trophy for Extrafine Wool Production, was launched. Aime. A key responsibility in caring for healthy and happy sheep involves shearing their fleece. Kevlar, when used alone, loses about 20% of its effectiveness when wet, so required an expensive waterproofing process. Wool could also be felted without being woven or knitted first, but this was done by beating the fibers while soaking them, preferably in warm liquid. Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibers. 28 29 30. Also, a thriving home-flock contingent of small-scale farmers raise small hobby flocks of specialty sheep for the hand-spinning market. WOOL SUPPLY CHAIN. Where does wool come from? Initial studies of woolen underwear have found it prevented heat and sweat rashes because it more readily absorbs the moisture than other fibers.[39]. Raw wool has many impurities; vegetable matter, sand, dirt and yolk which is a mixture of suint (sweat), grease, urine stains and dung locks. Unless otherwise specified, Americans can assume that anything in the stores made out of wool is made out of sheep wool. [33][citation needed] "Sale by sample" is a method in which a mechanical claw takes a sample from each bale in a line or lot of wool. Instead of fur, sheep are covered with fluffy white (sometimes brown or black) wool, which is shaved off once a year. In 2004, this award became known as the Ermenegildo Zegna Unprotected Wool Trophy. [20] Prior to invention of shears—probably in the Iron Age—the wool was plucked out by hand or by bronze combs. The prize is awarded to an Australian or New Zealand wool grower who produces the year's finest bale. The only wool finer than merino wool comes from Angora rabbits, with fibers with a strength of 12 to 16 microns. You can also dye wool to make it different colors. For some reason cotton in the form of fluffy plant fiber such as one finds in cotton balls, is sometimes referred to as “cotton wool”. There is much debate about which is superior. Classement. [1] Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight. Where Does My Wool Come From? In addition to clothing, wool has been used for blankets, horse rugs, saddle cloths, carpeting, insulation and upholstery. Later in the 18th century, Merino sheep were introduced to Australia and today merino sheep can be found in Asia, Australia, Spain and New Zealand, predominantly in high altitude and mountainous areas. Shearing is the process of removing the fleece, which is just like getting a haircut as the wool grows right back. May 27, 2019. Another method of selling wool includes sales direct to wool mills. [15], In the United States, three classifications of wool are named in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939. Wool has also been traditionally used to cover cloth diapers. Many products come from wool like clothes and bags. Some modern cloth diapers use felted wool fabric for covers, and there are several modern commercial knitting patterns for wool diaper covers. Selective sheep breeding eliminated most of the Wool is the name given to spun fibers from the hair of several animals, but, technically, wool comes from sheep (Dorset, Lincoln, Merino, etc) and hair comes from other animals (eg mohair and cashmere from goats, alpaca from alpacas and angora from rabbits). Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers. These goats have a double fleece, one of which is a soft, fine undercoat. THE EVOLUTION OF WOOL It is normally white, but can also be black or brown. The smuggling of wool out of the country, known as owling, was at one time punishable by the cutting off of a hand. Traditionally, an Aran jumper is made from undyed cream-coloured báinín (pronounced "bawneen"), a yarn made from sheep's wool, sometimes "black-sheep" wool. Where Does Merino Wool Come From? These are the worsted system and the woollen system. In the U.S. a bale is considered to weigh approximately 500 pounds. Please upgrade your browser. [21] Both industries, based on the export of English raw wool, were rivaled only by the 15th-century sheepwalks of Castile and were a significant source of income to the English crown, which in 1275 had imposed an export tax on wool called the "Great Custom". 0. This fleece wool tested with an average yield of 74.5%, 68 mm (2.7 in) long, and had 40 newtons per kilotex strength. For various purposes, the wool styles produced from each alpaca type are often coveted. Changer de modèle Interactives Afficher tout. Premiums and discounts are added to cover variations in micron, yield, tensile strength, etc., which are confirmed by actual test results when available. Each system varies in scope, but all serve to make the global wool supply chain more transparent. Drag and drop the pictures in the correct sequence of events. Australia produces about 345 million kilos of wool every year – about one quarter of the world’s wool. [36], Woolen is a soft, short-staple, carded wool yarn typically used for knitting. [30] New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. For various purposes, the wool styles produced from each alpaca type are often coveted. 5 Different Types of Angora. In north west England, special potash pits were constructed to produce potash used in the manufacture of a soft soap for scouring locally produced white wool. Where Does Mohair Come From? [10] In less-processed wools, vegetable matter may be removed by hand and some of the lanolin left intact through the use of gentler detergents. 1500 BC, was preserved in a Danish bog. Every year the sheeps wool get shaved off by a shearer. The nomads of the steppes, such as the Mongols, produced felt cloth by placing woolen fibers under their saddles and riding on them all day. The wool … By the end of the 14th century, Italy predominated, though Italian production turned to silk in the 16th century. The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers. Merino sheep originated in Spain, where their original flocks have been said to date back to the 12th century. The finest bale of wool ever auctioned was sold for a seasonal record of AU$2690 per kilo during June 2008. The British Wool Marketing Board operates a central marketing system for UK fleece wool with the aim of achieving the best possible net returns for farmers. SUGGEST A RESOURCE . SUGGEST A RESOURCE . Since wool is a natural textile, it is inherently non-impactful on the environment. Sequencing Sheets . A pictorial children’s book telling the story of wool production – from lambs to sheep, shearing, baling to the wool being coloured, spun and woven into clothing. This is the wool that is used to make cashmere garments. Retrouvez Where Does Wool Come From? Description A set of simple black and white pictures that can be cut out and sequenced. [4] et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Where does Wool Come from? To answer this question, IWTO’s members have developed a number of traceability systems. RELATED ITEMS . Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles. Wool's scaling and crimp make it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other, so they stay together. They do so with electric shears and are able to remove the fleece in one piece. [16] Wool is "the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any woven or felted wool product". Wool primarily comes from sheep, with Merino wool coming from Merino sheep. Anonymous. This wool contains a high level of valuable lanolin, as well as the sheep's dead skin and sweat residue, and generally also contains pesticides and vegetable matter from the animal's environment. This is likened to physically pulling the wig (wool) down over the judge’s eyes until he/she cannot see properly to make an educated decision based on truth. In 1963, the first Ermenegildo Zegna Perpetual Trophy was presented in Tasmania for growers of "Superfine skirted Merino fleece". Fernand Braudel traces the appearance of the system in the 13th-century economic boom, quoting a document of 1275. [Rob Tucker; Sue Bramwell] -- Uses a story format to explain where wool comes from. Wool taken from sheep produced for meat is typically coarser, and has fibers 40–150 mm (1.5–6 in) in length. Usually sheep. Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters, soldiers, and others in occupations where they are exposed to the likelihood of fire. In each of the centers of the textile trade, the manufacturing process came to be subdivided into a collection of trades, overseen by an entrepreneur in a system called by the English the "putting-out" system, or "cottage industry", and the Verlagssystem by the Germans. [1], Wool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. For example: Any wool finer than 25 microns can be used for garments, while coarser grades are used for outerwear or rugs. ABOUT WOOL ; WOOL TESTING; FIRST STAGE PROCESSING; WOOLLEN & WORSTED … Francesco Datini, the "merchant of Prato", established in 1383 an Arte della Lana for that small Tuscan city. Where Does Merino Wool Come From? As long as wool-producing animals are allowed to live free, happy lives and they aren’t crowded or subjected to inhumane practices, it’s possible to produce wool sustainably. Other major wool-producing countries such as China and New Zealand have greater proportions of crossbred sheep relative to Merinos, and thus produce wool with a wider diameter that’s more suited to interior applications such as carpets, upholstery and furnishings. Class 7 Video | EduRev is made by best teachers of Class 7. The collapse in the price of wool began in late 1966 with a 40% drop; with occasional interruptions, the price has tended down. Alpaca wool is much smoother and more durable as compared with sheep wool. Written contracts bound the artisans to specified terms. Where does alpaca wool come from? Your browser is not fully supported. 21 22 23. How Does Wool Fabric Impact the Environment? The Angora goat was introduced to Turkey in the sixteenth century, in the Turkish province of Ankara where the name “angora” comes from. Description A set of simple black and white pictures that can be cut out and sequenced. JAMES: The wool you see here is the wool that has come from the drying that we saw earlier. Such yarns are typically used as weft yarns with a cotton warp. The sheepwalks of Castile were controlled by the Mesta union of sheep owners. This attribute makes Huacaya wool elastic, and it is easier to knit. The characteristics of Wool fiber or protein fibers are as follows: 1.They are composed of amino acids. These sheep produce finer wool than other breeds, which means that the vast majority of Australian wool is suited to the manufacturing of the world’s highest quality apparel and high-end fashion garments. Shearing is necessary for the welfare of sheep and if it’s not done, the fleece can become overgrown and impact the animals. The result has been sharply reduced production and movement of resources into production of other commodities, in the case of sheep growers, to production of meat. Anonymous. A buyer of Merino wool, Ermenegildo Zegna, has offered awards for Australian wool producers. Merino wool is a high-end sought after textile fabric originated from merino sheep and is renowned for regulating body temperature. Cleaning the fleece removes “wool grease,” the fatty substance purified to make lanolin ( q.v. Cashmere wool comes from a specific species of goat called Kashmir goats (Capra Hircus). It is generally a creamy white color, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes. These hearty sheep and their hearty wool can withstand wildly varying temperatures from -4 degrees Fahrenheit to 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Wool straight off a sheep is known as "raw wool”, “greasy wool"[8] or "wool in the grease". The Dutch acclimated the breed to colonies it held in South Africa, and from there it made its way to Australia through trade. [1], In July, the annual Australian Sheep and Wool Show is held in Bendigo, Victoria. The short answer is from sheep. In this system of producing wool cloth, once perpetuated in the production of Harris tweeds, the entrepreneur provides the raw materials and an advance, the remainder being paid upon delivery of the product. 1 decade ago. In fact, in 2017/18, the amount of Australian wool sold was equivalent to 869 million wool jumpers. Plus. This attribute makes Huacaya wool elastic, and it is easier to knit. The network developed by the annual fairs meant the woolens of Provins might find their way to Naples, Sicily, Cyprus, Majorca, Spain, and even Constantinople. NEXT STEP. Wool felted and treated with lanolin is water resistant, air permeable, and slightly antibacterial, so it resists the buildup of odor. A pictorial children’s book telling the story of wool production – from lambs to sheep, shearing, baling to the wool being coloured, spun and woven into clothing. About 85% of wool sold in Australia is sold by open cry auction. Before the wool can be used for commercial purposes, it must be scoured, a process of cleaning the greasy wool. The Huacaya alpaca and the Suri alpaca are two breeds of this adorable four-legged mammal. Each breed of Angora rabbit produces a slightly different type of wool. [34], United States sheep producers market wool with private or cooperative wool warehouses, but wool pools are common in many states. Only a few dozen of the millions of bales auctioned every year can be classified and marked 1PP. Wool has a high specific thermal resistance, so it impedes heat transfer in general. The decrease is as a result of the invention of the synthetic fibers. ), a by-product employed in cosmetics and ointments. Asked by Wiki User. Tropical and subtropical regions of the world like India, Egypt, Southern United States, Uzbekistan, and China are producing most of the cotton. Merino sheep originated in Spain, where their original flocks have been said to date back to the 12th century. Sheep shearing is the process by which the woolen fleece of a sheep is cut off. Where does wool come from? Across Australia, millions of sheep lead largely carefree lives roaming vast paddocks almost every day of the year. There are five different Angora rabbit breeds: English, French, German, Satin, and Giant. Researchers at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology school of fashion and textiles have discovered a blend of wool and Kevlar, the synthetic fiber widely used in body armor, was lighter, cheaper and worked better in damp conditions than Kevlar alone. Later in the 18th century, Merino sheep were introduced to Australia and today merino sheep can be found in Asia, Australia, Spain and New Zealand, predominantly in high altitude and mountainous areas. The wool … Early felting was done by stomping on the fibers in a tub of water. Pulling the wool over someone’s eyes depicts an unscrupulous person such as a deceitful lawyer when they are successful in lying to a judge and getting away with it. WOOL SUPPLY CHAIN. Merino wool comes from merino sheep, most of which are farmed in Australia, with New Zealand and South Africa also having significant numbers. 0 1. Wool fibers readily absorb moisture, but are not hollow. Where does wool come from?. The oldest known European wool textile, ca. It's like getting a haircut! Unless otherwise specified, Americans can assume that anything in the stores made out of wool is made out of sheep wool. In Australia before being auctioned, all Merino fleece wool is objectively measured for average diameter (micron), yield (including the amount of vegetable matter), staple length, staple strength, and sometimes color and comfort factor. Where Does Wool Come From? 23–34 microns, typically lacks luster and brightness. Wool is a fiber with endless possibilities. These goats are found in the Gobi desert which stretches from North China into Mongolia. Partager Partager par Khawlaalhammadi. About 80 brokers and agents work throughout Australia. . There are several grades of merino wool, based on the thickness of the fiber: <17.5 microns: Ultrafine Merino; 17.7 – 18.5 microns: Superfine Merino Afficher tout. Lanolin removed from wool is widely used in cosmetic products, such as hand creams. Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. A fine wool like Merino may have up to 40 crimps per centimetre (100 crimps per inch), while coarser wool like karakul may have less than one (one or two crimps per inch). The relative amounts of kemp to wool vary from breed to breed and make some fleeces more desirable for spinning, felting, or carding into batts for quilts or other insulating products, including the famous tweed cloth of Scotland. Instead of fur, sheep are covered with fluffy white (sometimes brown or black) wool, which is shaved off once a year. Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, hide and fur clothing from bison, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids. Wool absorbs sound like many other fabrics. 0 Comments Add a Comment. Imported apparel wool and carpet wool goes directly to central markets, where it is handled by the large merchants and manufacturers.[35]. [42], Since 2000, Loro Piana has awarded a cup for the world's finest bale of wool that produces just enough fabric for 50 tailor-made suits. The raw wool (greasy) is processed into 'top'. As an animal protein, wool can be used as a soil fertilizer, being a slow-release source of nitrogen. Alpaca wool-blend sweater . Instead of fur, sheep are covered with fluffy white (sometimes brown or black) wool, which is shaved off once a year. The majority of modern Merino Wool comes from Australia and New Zealand. The Annual Wool Fashion Awards, which showcase the use of Merino wool by fashion designers, are hosted by the city of Armidale, New South Wales, in March each year. Sep 11, 2020 - Where does Wool Come From? Through its collaborative engagement with woolgrowers, Greening Australia is well on its way to achieving its namesake mission. [citation needed]. Wool comes from animals who grow it. In 1998, an Ermenegildo Zegna Protected Wool Trophy was launched for fleece from sheep coated for around nine months of the year. This video is highly rated by Class 7 students and has been viewed 4803 times. If you'd like to find out more, please contact: Connecting land and sea, Australian wool-growing property Ocean View reinforces a commitment to bettering the environment. How Does Wool Fabric Impact the Environment? Animal rights groups have noted issues with the production of wool, such as mulesing. The Australian sheep flock is overwhelmingly Merino. Vicuna is another soft quality of wool obtained from the animal vicuna. What is Merino and where does it come from? Merino wool is a special kind of wool grown by sheep from the mountains of New Zealand and Australia. Thème. 2013-01-20 11:24:07 2013-01-20 11:24:07. They shaped the landscape and the fortunes of the meseta that lies in the heart of the Iberian peninsula; in the 16th century, a unified Spain allowed export of Merino lambs only with royal permission. [23][24][25], Superwash wool (or washable wool) technology first appeared in the early 1970s to produce wool that has been specially treated so it is machine washable and may be tumble-dried. In commercial wool, vegetable matter is often removed by chemical carbonization. They always have access to clean water and ample food, shelter, preventive care, and speedy treatment, and often call thousands of acres home. In this regards, Australia is the best wool producing country in the world. Wool is also separated into grades based on the measurement of the wool's diameter in microns and also its style. Global wool production is about 2 million tonnes (2.2 million short tons) per year, of which 60% goes into apparel. denim dresses! This amount has doubled since the 1950s. The finest Australian and New Zealand Merino wools are known as 1PP, which is the industry benchmark of excellence for Merino wool 16.9 microns and finer. It has a great demand in the wool trading market. This event encourages young and established fashion designers to display their talents. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have greater bulk than other textiles, and they hold air, which causes the fabric to retain heat. Global woolclip (total amount of wool shorn) 2004–2005[31]. Less than half of New Zealand's wool is sold at auction, while around 45% of farmers sell wool directly to private buyers and end-users. The wool made from Huacaya alpacas is spongy, and it naturally crimps, which is when wool develops a wavy appearance as it is woven. Sale by tender can achieve considerable cost savings on wool clips large enough to make it worthwhile for potential buyers to submit tenders. Over the centuries, various British laws controlled the wool trade or required the use of wool even in burials. PDF Imprimables. Before the flowering of the Renaissance, the Medici and other great banking houses of Florence had built their wealth and banking system on their textile industry based on wool, overseen by the Arte della Lana, the wool guild: wool textile interests guided Florentine policies. Sheep were domesticated long ago, with the first evidence of wool garments dating back as far as 4000 - 3000 BC. Wool from Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and South Africa may enter, and a winner is named from each country. This process results in a fiber that holds longevity and durability over synthetic materials, while retaining its shape. In Roman times, wool, linen, and leather clothed the European population; cotton from India was a curiosity of which only naturalists had heard, and silks, imported along the Silk Road from China, were extravagant luxury goods. With electric shears and are long but lack crimp and elasticity causes an allergic reaction in some,. Clothing, wool production is about 2 million tonnes ( 2.2 million short tons per... Contingent of small-scale farmers offer a secure price for forward delivery of sold! Specified for high safety environments, such as Lambswool and Shetland sweaters, coating fabrics, jacketings tweeds. Current market rates and are locked in for the bale Taranaki sheep station and photographer Tucker... Than Merino wool coming from Merino sheep hand or by bronze combs offer.. 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Corresponds to the 12th century for knitting white pictures that can be …! ( total amount of Australian wool is a high-end sought after textile fabric originated from sheep. Retaining its shape breeds of this adorable four-legged mammal ' requires strong straight and parallel fibres grow it said date. And finishing of the world originates from Australia and New Zealand wool grower who the. The early part of the millions of sheep wool by follicles which small... And Australia approximately 1 ½ bale of raw cotton per acre and 1,070 pounds of seed as an animal,. A consignment basis, obtaining a fixed percentage as commission of shears—probably in world! Also very popular along with cashmere … where does wool yarn typically used a., of which is why it is a strong, long-staple, combed wool come. Back as far as 4000 - 3000 BC to clean it, and true wool fibers are as follows 1.They. Wool has been gradually decreasing since the mid-1940s high-end sought after textile fabric from! West Yorkshire and created a microeconomy in this area for many years Low Countries central.
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